[今日任務紀錄與進度]
1. 13:30-14:10寫作課
對於同理心定義切割仍不夠明確，主因對概念缺乏批判力，閱讀仍停留在認知層級。
老師再次提醒”寫下來”才能夠反覆修改，並要與人切磋討論，才能真的理解。
2. 搜尋/彙整適用於醫療人員之【現場觀察之同理心情境】相關論文 (以醫師為主)
今天先和老師釐清目前搜尋方向及論文。
確定目前找到的論文多為事後評估(多用錄音/錄影等方式再去coding)
但虛擬或臨床情境內容仍可保留，做為未來OSCE或介入情境之用。
3. 撰寫「護理領域之同理心評估工具回顧」方法學段落：撰寫文獻搜尋及納入條件段落，持續進行。
[同理時機論文之閱讀紀錄]
l Empathic opportunities的分類：
1. 直接Direct: Explicit verbal expression of
emotion, e.g.: I have been really depressed lately.
間接Indirect: Implicit verbal expression of
emotion, e.g.: Does this mean I am going to die? (Pollak et al., 2007) [自我註記：類似Potential empathic opportunity??]
2. ECCS依據下列三種類型的描述進行同理時機的分類：情緒感受(emotional feeling)、過程(progress)、挑戰(challenge)
ECCS: Empathic Communication
Coding System (Bonvicini et al.,2009)
l Empathic opportunities的定義：
綜合以下論文，可將同理時機定義為：患者對情緒、過程或挑戰的直接且明確的陳述表達。
Ÿ An Expressions of
emotions, stressors or concerns (Bry et al., 2016)
Ÿ An explicit,
clear, and direct statement of emotion, progress, or challenge by the
patient (Foster et al., 2016).
Ÿ A patient’s
explicit statement of emotion, praise opportunity as an explicit statement
about something praiseworthy (e.g., adopting a health promoting behavior)
(Suchman et al., 1997).
Ÿ A direct and explicit
expression of an emotion by a patient (Eide et al., 2004).
l 同理時機相關的理論：Model of empathic
communication；其提供同理時機、同理反應、潛在同理時機、錯過同理時機等概念性定義 (Suchman et al., 1997).
l 目前搜尋論文中，針對Empathic opportunities最常使用的評估工具是ECCS。
[引用文獻]
l Bonvicini, K. A.,
Perlin, M. J., Bylund, C. L., Carroll, G., Rouse, R. A., & Goldstein, M. G.
(2009). Impact of communication training on physician expression of empathy in
patient encounters. Patient Educ Couns, 75(1), 3-10.
l Bry, K., Bry, M.,
Hentz, E., Karlsson, H. L., Kyllönen, H., Lundkvist, M., & Wigert, H.
(2016). Communication skills training enhances nurses' ability to respond with
empathy to parents' emotions in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acta
paediatrica, 105(4), 397-406.
l Eide, H.,
Frankel, R., Haaversen, A. C. B., Vaupel, K. A., Graugaard, P. K., &
Finset, A. (2004). Listening for feelings: identifying and coding empathic and
potential empathic opportunities in medical dialogues. Patient Educ Couns, 54(3),
291-297.
l Foster, A.,
Chaudhary, N., Kim, T., Waller, J. L., Wong, J., Borish, M., . . . Buckley, P.
F. (2016). Using Virtual Patients to Teach Empathy: A Randomized Controlled
Study to Enhance Medical Students’ Empathic Communication. Simulation in
Healthcare, 11(3), 181-189.
l Pollak, K. I.,
Arnold, R. M., Jeffreys, A. S., Alexander, S. C., Olsen, M. K., Abernethy, A. P.,
. . . Tulsky, J. A. (2007). Oncologist Communication About Emotion During
Visits With Patients With Advanced Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology,
25(36), 5748-5752.
l Suchman, A. L., Markakis, K., Beckman, H. B.,
& Frankel, R. (1997). A model of empathic communication in the medical
interview. Jama, 277(8), 678-682.
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